Unit 8. OUR WORLD HERITAGE SITES - TỪ VỰNG - NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 11
Unit
8. OUR WORLD HERITAGE SITES
A.
VOCABULARY
abundant /əˈbʌndənt/
(adj) dồi dào, nhiều
acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/
(v) chấp nhận, công nhận, thừa nhận
archaeological /ˌɑːkiəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
(adj) thuộc về khảo cổ học
authentic /ɔːˈθentɪk/
(adj) thật, thực
breathtaking /ˈbreθteɪkɪŋ/
(adj) đẹp đến ngỡ ngàng
bury /ˈberi/
(v) chôn vùi, giấu trong lòng đất
cave /keɪv/
(n) hang động
citadel /ˈsɪtədəl/
(n) thành trì (để bảo vệ khỏi bị tấn công)
complex /ˈkɒmpleks/
(n) quần thể, tổ hợp
comprise /kəmˈpraɪz/
(v) bao gồm, gồm
craftsman /ˈkrɑːftsmən/
(n) thợ thủ công
cruise /kruːz/
(n) chuyến du ngoạn trên biển
cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/
(n) cách thức chế biến thức ăn, nấu nướng
decorate /ˈdekəreɪt/
(v) trang trí
demolish /dɪˈmɒlɪʃ/
(v) đổ sập, đánh sập
distinctive /dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/
(adj) nổi bật, rõ rệt, đặc trưng
dome /dəʊm/
(n) mái vòm
dynasty /ˈdɪnəsti/ (n) triều đại
emerge /iˈmɜːdʒ/
(v) trồi lên, nổi lên
emperor /ˈempərə(r)/
(n) đế vương, nhà vua
endow
/ɪnˈdaʊ/ (v) ban tặng
excavation /ˌekskəˈveɪʃn/
(n) việc khai quật
expand /ɪkˈspænd/
(v) mở rộng
fauna /ˈfɔːnə/
(n) hệ động vật
flora /ˈflɔːrə/
(n) hệ thực vật
geological /ˌdʒiːəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
(a) thuộc về địa chất
grotto /ˈɡrɒtəʊ/
(n) hang động
harmonious /hɑːˈməʊniəs/
(a) hài hòa
heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/
(n) di sản
imperial /ɪmˈpɪəriəl/
(a) thuộc về hoàng tộc
in ruins /
ɪn ˈruːɪn/ (idiom) bị
phá hủy, đổ nát
intact /ɪnˈtækt/
(a) nguyên vẹn, không bị hư tổn
irresponsible /ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl/
(a) thiếu trách nhiệm, vô trách nhiệm
islet /ˈaɪlət/
(n) hòn đảo nhỏ
itinerary /aɪˈtɪnərəri/
(n) lịch trình cho chuyến đi
landscape /ˈlændskeɪp/
(n) phong cảnh ( thiên nhiên)
lantern /ˈlæntən/
(n) đèn lồng
limestone /ˈlaɪmstəʊn/
(n) đá vôi
magnificent /mæɡˈnɪfɪsnt/
(a) tuyệt đẹp
masterpiece /ˈmɑːstəpiːs/
(n) kiệt tác
mausoleum /ˌmɔːsəˈliːəm/
(n) lăng mộ
mosaic /məʊˈzeɪɪk/
(adj) khảm, chạm khảm
mosque /mɒsk/
(n) nhà thờ Hồi giáo
outstanding /aʊtˈstændɪŋ/
(adj) nổi bật, xuất chúng
picturesque /ˌpɪktʃəˈresk/
(adj) đẹp, gây ấn tượng mạnh
poetic /pəʊˈetɪk/
(adj) mang tính chất thơ ca
preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/
(v) bảo tồn
preservation
/ˌprezəˈveɪʃn/ (n) việc bảo tồn
relic /ˈrelɪk/
(n) cổ vật
respectively /rɪˈspektɪvli/
(adv) theo thứ tự lắn lượt
royal /ˈrɔɪəl/
(adj) thuộc về nhà vua, hoàng gia
sanctuary /ˈsæŋktʃuəri/ (n) thánh địa, địa điểm thẩn thánh
scenic /ˈsiːnɪk/
(adj) có cảnh quan đẹp
subsequent /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/
(adj) tiếp theo, kế tiếp
tomb /tuːm/
(n) lăng mộ
worship /ˈwɜːʃɪp/
(n) thờ cúng, tôn thờ
GRAMMAR
A.
GRAMMAR
Participle and to -
infìnitive clauses (Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng một ngữ phân từ và động từ nguyên
mẫu có TO)
v Mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng: who/ which / that + V có thể được rút gọn bằng những cách sau:
1. Dùng
hiện tại phân từ V-ing (present participle)
Dùng
V-ing khi mệnh đề quan hệ ở chủ động:
who / which / that + V (active) →V-ing
E.g: The girl who
is talking to Mr. Huy is my younger sister→The girl talking
to Mr. Huy is my younger sister.
(Cô gái đang nói chuyện với Thầy Huy là
em gái tôi.)
2. Dùng
quá khứ phân từ V-ed/V3 (past participle)
Dùng V-PP khi mệnh đề quan hệ ở bị động: who / which
/ that + V (passive) →V-PP
E.g: The lamp which
was made in China is five dollars. =The lamp made in China is five
dollars. (Chiếc đèn được sản xuất ở Trung
Quốc có giá 5 đô la)
3. Dùng
động từ nguyên mẫu có TO (to -infinitive)
Dùng
to V khi:
- Danh từ phía trước đại từ quan hệ
đứng trước một số từ như: the first, the
second, etc., the next, the last, the only;
và đôi khi trước hình thức so sánh bậc nhất như the oldest, the most beautiful (the
only, the first...) + N +
relative pronouns (who/ which/ that) + V → to V (chủ động); to be PP (bị động)
E.g: He was the first person who
came here yesterday. → He was the first person to come here yesterday
(Anh ấy là người đầu tiên đến
đây vào hôm qua.)
She is the only person who is called
for the interview. → She is the only person to be called for the interview.
-
Động từ phía
trước là HAVE/HAS để diễn tả mục đích,
E.g: He had something that
he had to do. → He had something to do. (Anh ấy có một số việc phải làm.) I have a lot of homework which I have
to do now. → I have a lot of homework to do now.
+
Đầu câu có HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
E.g: There
are ten messages which are sent today. → There are ten messages to be sent
today.
4. Dùng
cụm danh từ/ giới từ
Dùng cụm danh từ/ giới từ khi mệnh đề quan hệ có
dạng:
S + BE + Noun/ Noun phrases /Prepositional phrases
Cách
làm: ta bỏ who, which và be
E.g: Football, which
is a popular sport, is very good for our health. Football, a
popular sport, is very good for our health.
■ BÀI
TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BẢN
Bài 1: Choose the best
answer.
1. The students
for the bus are
good ones.
A. waited B. waiting C. which is waiting D. to
wait
2. This is the last
person late.
A. coming B. to come C. come D. all are correct
3. The woman
next door is a
famous actress.
A. lives B. who
live C. living D. that living
4. The house in
the storm has now been rebuilt.
A. destroyed B. destroying C. which destroyed D. that is destroyed
5. The man in front of the
blackboard is our teacher.
A. stood B. stands C. standing D. to stand
6.
Tom was the last student
the classroom yesterday.
A. to leave B. leaving C. left D. leaves
7. Sally was the last student in the final
exam.
A. to be asked B. asking C. asks D. to
ask
8. The bridge
by French
architects is very nice.
A. was designed B. designing C. to
design D. designed
9. The ring is
made of gold and diamond.
A. she is wearing it B. he gave it to her C. she
like D. she is wearing
10. 1 have a message for
people by the
traffic chaos.
A. to delay B. who
delay C. delayed D. who delaying
Bài 2: Use a participle clause to reduce relative
clauses.
1. They called a lawyer who lived nearby.
Þ .
2.
We broke the
computer that belongs to my father.
Þ .
3.
The man who
is wearing a blue jumper is in the garden.
Þ .
4.
We found a
doctor who works at a hospital in Hanoi City.
Þ .
5.
People who
have arrived late will not be allowed to enter.
Þ .
6.
Don't wake
the baby who is sleeping in the next room.
Þ .
7.
Who is that
boy who is walking in the forest?
Þ .
8.
The man who
wants coffee is over there.
Þ .
9.
The
television which was bought 20 years ago was
stolen.
Þ .
10. I often buy cheese which is imported from Paris.
Þ .
Bài 3: Replace the Relative
Clause by a Participle Construction while keeping the rest of the sentence
unchanged
1.
The boy who was waiting in the hall expected a
phone call.
Þ .
2.
Passengers who wanted to go to Liverpool had to
change in Manchester.
Þ .
3.
The girl who was picked up by her brother was
very nice.
Þ .
4.
The house that stands at the end of the road will
soon be sold.
Þ .
5.
The
conference which was planned by
non-governmental organisations was about
globalisation.
Þ .
6.
Irish people who live in Great Britain have the right
to vote in British elections.
Þ .
7.
A friend who helps you in need is a good friend indeed.
Þ .
8.
A picture that shows the image of a person is a portrait.
Þ .
9.
The problems that were discussed will be essential
for your exam.
Þ .
10. Animals that eat
plants are called herbivores.
Þ .
Bài 4: Rewrite the sentences using
reduced relative clauses.
1. The present that was given to me last night must have
been very expensive. It certainly is beautiful.
Þ .
2.
Claire Baktne, who was born in 1843, was a true representative of the
hopes of hundreds of immigrants.
Þ .
3.
Frequently, computers which are considered obsolete at large companies
are donated to charity institutions or community centers in poor neighborhoods.
Þ .
4.
The mall
which was built in the downtown area of the city has affected traffic considerably.
Þ .
5.
The children
who were selected for the team will start training in a couple of weeks.
Þ .
6.
The new construction company promises to hire all the engineering
students who will have graduated from MIT by the end of next year.
Þ .
7.
Alexander G. Bell, who was considered the inventor of the telephone until
recently, simply obtained the patent that belonged to an Italian inventor.
Þ .
The stamp which is on that envelope is a rare collector's item.
Þ .
Bài 5: Shorten these sentences
without changing the order. Where it's not possible to shorten them, write
"Cannot be shortened".
1.
I've just
read a book that was called Life without limit.
Þ .
2.
Save
electricity by reducing the number of computers that are left on overnight.
Þ .
3.
Did you watch
the film which I recommended to you?
Þ .
4.
I met Jeff
last week, whom I believe you know from the
office.
Þ .
5.
I thought the
man who was walking down the street was my neighbour.
Þ .
■ BÀI TẬP TỔNG HỢP NÂNG CAO
Bài 6: Choose the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
1. (A) The waiter (B) whom served us
yesterday (C) was polite and (D) friendly.
2.
This class
(A) is only (B) for people (C) who's first language (D) is
not English.
3. This is (A) the boy (B) who sister (C) studied
(D) with me at high school.
4. He (A) is moving to Lang Son city, (B) that
is (C) in the north-east (D) of Vietnam.
5. The girl (A) whom is standing (B) over
there (C) is (D) from Vietnam.
Bài 7: Choose the sentence that best combines each
pair of sentences in the following questions.
1. He likes the dress. Linda is wearing it.
A. He likes the dress which Linda is wearing it.
B. He likes the dress Linda is wearing it.
C. He likes the dress who Linda is wearing.
D. He likes the dress Linda is wearing.
2. What was the name of the boy? You met and talked to him
this morning.
A. What was the name of the boy who you met and talked to
him this morning?
B. What was the name of the boy you met and talked to
this morning?
C. What was the name of the boy you met and talked to
whom this morning?
D. What was the name of the boy whose you met and talked
to this morning?
3. The church is over 200 years old. Our class visited it
last summer.
A. The church which our class visited it last summer is
over 200 years old.
B. The church that our class visited it last summer is
over 200 years old.
C. The church which our class visited last summer is over
200 years old.
D. The church our class visit last summer is over 200
years old.
4.
The song says
about the love of two young students. She is singing the song.
A. The song which she is singing it says about the love
of two young students.
B. The song she is singing says about the love of two
young students.
C. The song says about the love of two young students
which she is singing.
D. The song says about the love of two young students
that she is singing it.
5.
The man is my
teacher. I am grateful to him.
A. The man whom I grateful to him is my teacher.
B. The man whom I am grateful to is my teacher.
C. The man is my teacher who is grateful.
D. The man to him I am grateful is my teacher.
Bài 8: Rewrite the sentences using reduced
relative clauses.
1. Do you know the woman who is coming toward us?
Þ .
2.
The students
who have been waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet.
Þ .
3.
I come from a
city that is located in the southern part of the country.
Þ .
4.
They live in
a house that was built in the 1990s.
Þ .
5.
He was the
first man who left the burning building.
Þ .
6.
The couple
who live in the house next door are both professors.
Þ .
7.
The cat which
is on the table is mine.
Þ .
8.
The students
who left school early yesterday have to explain their reason to the teacher.
Þ .
9.
Did you get
the message which concerned the special meeting?
Þ .
10. Lan is the only person who was given a special gift
this morning.
Þ .
KEY
Bài 1:
1. B 6.
A
2. B 7.
A
3. C 8.
D
4. A 9.
D
5. C 10. C
Bài 2:
1. They called a lawyer living nearby.
2. We broke the computer belonging to my father.
3. The man wearing a blue jumper is in the garden.
4. We found a doctor working at a hospital in Hanoi City.
5. People arriving late will not be allowed to enter.
6. Don't wake the baby sleeping in the next room.
7. Who is that boy walking in the forest?
8. The man wanting coffee is over there.
9. The television bought twenty years ago was stolen.
10.
I often buy
cheese imported from Paris.
Bài 3:
1. The boy waiting in the hall expected a phone call.
2. Passengers wanting to go to Liverpool had to change in Manchester.
3. The girl picked up by her brother was very nice.
4. The house standing at the end of the road will soon be sold.
5. The conference planned by non-governmental
organisations was about globalisation.
6. Irish people living in Great Britain have the right to
vote in British elections.
7. A friend helping you in need is a good friend indeed.
8. A picture showing the image of a person is a portrait.
9. The problems discussed will be essential for your exam.
10.
Animals
eating plants are called herbivores.
Bài 4:
1. The present given to me last night must have been very expensive.
2. Claire Baktne, born in 1843, was a true representative
of the hopes of hundreds of immigrants.
3.
Frequently, computers considered obsolete at large companies are donated
to charity institutions or community centers in poor neighborhoods.
4. The mall built in the downtown area of the city has
affected traffic considerably.
5. The children selected for the team will start training
in a couple of weeks.
6.
The new construction company promises to hire all the engineering
students graduating from MIT by the end of next year.
7.
Alexander G. Bell, considered the inventor of the telephone until
recently, simply obtained the patent that belonged to an Italian inventor.
8. The stamp on that envelope is a rare collector's item.
Bài 5:
1. I've just read a book called Life without limit.
2. Save electricity by reducing the number of computers
left on overnight.
3. Did you watch the film I recommended to you?
4. Cannot be shortened.
5. I thought the man walking down the street was my neighbour.
Bài 6:
1. B (whom => who)
2. C (who's => whose)
3. B (who => whose)
4. B (that => which)
"That"
không được dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (mệnh đề có dấu phẩy).
5. A (whom => who
Bài 7:
1. D
He likes the dress. Linda is wearing it.
Þ He likes the
dress (which) Linda is wearing, (which có thể được lược bỏ vì nó làm tân ngữ
trong mệnh đề quan hệ)
2. B
What was the name of the boy? You met and talked to
him this morning.
Þ What was the name
of the boy (whom) you met and talked to this morning? (whom có thể được lược
bỏ)
3. C
The church is over 200 years old. Our class visited it
last summer.
Þ The church which our class visited last summer is
over 200 years old. (which làm chức năng tân ngữ
trong mệnh đề quan hệ)
4. B
The song says about the love of two young students.
She is singing the song.
Þ The song (which)
she is singing says about the love of two young students. (which có thể được
lược bỏ)
5. B
The man is my teacher. I am grateful to him.
Þ The man (whom) I am grateful to is my teacher,
(whom thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm chức năng
tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ)
Bài 8:
1. Do you know the woman coming toward us?
2. The students waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet.
3. I come from a city located in the central part of the country.
4. They live in a house built in the 1990s.
5. He was the first man to leave the burning building.
6. The couple living in the house next door are both professors.
7. The cat on the table is mine.
8. The students leaving school early yesterday have to
explain their reason to the teacher.
9. Did you get the message concerning the special meeting?
10.
Lan is the
only person to be given a special gift this
morning.
