Unit 9: PRESEVING THE ENVIRONMENT - TỪ TỰNG - NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 10

Unit 9: PRESEVING THE ENVIRONMENT

( Bảo vệ môi trường)

VOCABULARY

1)                  aquatic /əˈkwætɪk/(adj): dưới nước, sống ở trong nước

2)                  article /ˈɑːtɪkl/(n): bài báo

3)                  awareness /əˈweə.nəs/ (n): sự nhận thức

4)                  chemical /ˈkemɪkl/ (n)/ (adj): hóa chất, hóa học

5)                  confuse /kənˈfjuːz/(v): làm lẫn lộn, nhầm lẫn

6)                  confusion /kənˈfjuːʒn/ (n): sự lẫn lộn, nhầm lẫn

7)                  consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ (n): sự tiêu thụ, tiêu dùng

8)                  contaminate /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ (v): làm bẩn, nhiễm

9)                  control /kənˈtrəʊl/ (v): kiểm soát

10)              damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/(v): làm hại, làm hỏng

11)              deforestation /ˌdiːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃn/(n) : sự phá rừng 

12)              degraded /dɪˈɡreɪd/ (adj): giảm sút chất lượng

13)              deplete /dɪˈpliːt/ (v) : làm suy yếu, cạn kiệt

14)              depletion/dɪˈpliːʃn/ (n): sự suy yếu, cạn kiệt

15)              destruction /dɪˈstrʌkʃn/ (n): sự phá hủy, tiêu diệt

16)              ecosystem /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ (n): hệ sinh thái

17)              editor /ˈedɪtə(r)/ (n) : biên tập viên

18)              environmental impact (n.phr): tác động môi trường

19)              erosion  /ɪˈrəʊ.ʒən/ (n): sự xói mòn

20)              fertilizer /ˈfɜːtəlaɪzə(r)/ (n): phân bón

21)              fossil fuel (n.phr): nhiên liệu hóa thạch (làm từ sự phân hủy của động vật hay thực vật tiền sử)

22)              global warming /ˈɡləʊblˈwɔːmɪŋ/(n.phr): sự nóng lên toàn cầu

23)              greenhouse effect /ˈɡriːnhaʊsɪˈfekt/ (n.phr): hiệu ứng nhà kính

24)              influence (v,n): ảnh hưởng, tác dụng

25)              influence on: ảnh hưởng lên

26)              inorganic /ˌɪnɔːˈɡænɪk/(adj): vô cơ

27)              long-term /ˌlɒŋ ˈtɜːm/ (adj): dài hạn, lâu dài

28)              mass-media /ˌmæs ˈmiːdiə/(n.phr): thông đại chúng

29)              material /məˈtɪə.ri.əl/ (n): chất liệu

30)              pesticide /ˈpestɪsaɪd/(n): thuốc trừ sâu

31)              polar ice melting/ˈpəʊlə(r)aɪsˈmeltɪŋ/ : sự tan băng ở địa cực

32)              pollute /pəˈluːt/(v): gây ô nhiễm

33)              pollutant /pəˈluːtənt/ (n): chất ô nhiễm

34)              pollution /pəˈluːʃn/ (n): sự ô nhiễm

35)              preserve/prɪˈzɜːv/ (y): giữ gìn, bảo tồn

36)              preservation /ˌprezəˈveɪʃn/(n): sự bảo tồn, duy trì

37)              protect /prəˈtekt/ (v): bảo vệ, che chở

38)              protection /prəˈtekʃn/ (n): sự bảo vệ, che chở

39)              sewage /ˈsuːɪdʒ/ (n) : nước cống

40)              solution /səˈluːʃn/(n): giải pháp, cách giải quyết

41)              threat /θret/ (n): đe dọa

42)              vegetation /ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn/(n): cây cỏ, thực vật

 

GRAMMAR
*REPORTED SPEECH ( LỜI NÓI TƯỜNG THUẬT, GIÁN TIẾP)

1. Definition

Lời nói gián tiếp là lời nói thuật lại ý của người nói, thông tin đi từ người thứ nhất qua người thứ hai đến người thứ ba. Trong lời nói gián tiếp thì cấu trúc câu có sự biến đổi về mặt ngữ pháp.

E.g

Trực tiếp: He said,”I am a student.”

Gián tiếp: He said (that) he was a student.

2. Types of sentences in reported speech ( các loại câu trong lời nói gián tiếp)

a. Statements ( Câu kể/ Câu trần thuật)

Câu trần thuật là kiểu câu dùng để kể, xác nhận, miêu tả, thông báo, nhận định, trình bày về những hiện tượng, những hoạt động, trạng thái, tính chất trong thực tế.

E.g: “Mary said,” I am watching TV”

- Khi chuyển một câu trần thuật trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta phải thực hiện như sau:

+ Dùng động từ say hoặc tell:

Form:

S + say/ say to sb/ tell sb (that) + S + ……

 

+ Đổi các đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu, …..sao cho tương ứng với mệnh đề chính

E.g:

Trực tiếp: Nga said,”I am reading books.”

Gián tiếp: Nga said (that) she was reading books.

Trực tiếp: She said, “My brother is a doctor”.

Gián tiếp: She said (that) her brother was a doctor.

+ Thay đổi “thì” của động từ

- “thì” của động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi thì:

Form

S + said/ said to sb/ told sb (that) + S + V( lùi thì )…..

 

 

Sau đây là bảng chỉ sự thay đổi “thì” của động từ trong lời nói Gián tiếp.

Lời nói trực tiếp ( Direct speech)	Lời nói gián tiếp ( Reported speech)
Hiện tại đơn He said, “I work in a bank.”	Quá khứ đơn -> He said (that) he worked in a bank
Hiện tại tiếp diễn Nam said, I am talking to my brother.”	Quá khứ tiếp diễn -> Nam said (that) he was talking to his brother.
Hiện tại hoàn thành Mr Ha said, “ I have bought a computer.”	Quá khứ hoàn thành -> Mr Ha said (that) he had bought a computer.
Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn He said, “I have been waiting for you for 2 hours.”	Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn -> Ha said (that) he/ she had been waiting for me for 2 hours.
Quá khứ đơn She said, “ I did the exercise.”	Quá khứ hoàn thành -> She said (that) she had done the exercise.
Tương lai đơn She said, “I did the exercise.”	Tương lai trong quá khứ -> My mother said (that) she would visit Hue city.
Tương lai tiếp diễn He said, “I will be sitting at the café.”	Tương lai tiếp diễn trong quá khứ -> He said (that) he would be sitting at the café.
Tương lai gần ( Is/ am/ are going to do) They said, “ We are going to build a new house.”	Was/ were going to do -> They said (that) they were going to build a new house.
Can/ may/ must do He said, “ I must do my homework.”	Could/ might/ had to do -> He said (that) he had to do his homework.

 

+ Thay đổi tính từ chỉ định, trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn

Lời nói trực tiếp ( Direct speech)	Lời nói gián tiếp ( Reported speech )
This/ These	That/ Those
Here	There
Now	Then
Today	That day
Ago	Before
Tomorrow	The next day/  the following day/ the day after
The day after tomorrow	Two days after/ in two day’s time
Yesterday	The day before/ the previous day
The day before yesterday	Two days before
Last week	The previous week/ the week before
Next week	The next week/ the following week/ the week after

 

E.g:

Trực tiếp: She said, “ I saw him here in this room yesterday.”

Gián tiếp: She said (that) she had seen him there in that room the day before/ the previous day.

Ngoài quy tắc chung trên đây thì cần nhớ rằng tình huống thật và thời gian khi hành động được thuật lại đóng vai trò rất quan trọng trong khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp.

*Note:

- “should, ought to, would” giữ nguyên trong lời nói gián tiếp.

- Động từ “tell” phải có tân ngữ.

E.g: She told me that he was a student.

- Động từ “say” có thể có tân ngữ hoặc không. Nếu muốn đề cập đến người nghe, ta dùng “to”

E.g: She said to me that she was doing the housework.

b. Questions ( câu hỏi )

Câu hỏi được chia làm loại:

+  Yes/ No questions ( câu hỏi yes/ No ):

- Câu hỏi yes/ no là loại câu hỏi được trả lời bằng  yes/ no.

E.g

Are you a doctor?

Does he live here?

- Để chuyển một hỏi yes/ no từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau:

S1 + asked + (O) + IF/ WHETHER + S2 + V (lùi thì)….

 

- Tân ngữ sau động từ “ask” có thể có hoặc không.

E.g

Trực tiếp: Miss Nga said, “Are you a foreigner?”

Gián tiếp: Miss Nga asked (me) if/ whether I was a foreigner.

Trực tiếp: “Does John understand music? He asked.

Gián tiếp: He asked (me) if/ whether John understood music.

+ WH - questions ( Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi )

-  Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi là loại câu hỏi mà người hỏi muốn biết thêm thông tin và cần được giải đáp.

E.g

What are you doing now?

Where did you go yesterday?

- Để chuyển câu hỏi có từ để hỏi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau:

S1 + asked + (O) + WH - (when, where, how….) + S2 + V ( lùi thì )…..

 

 

E.g

Trực tiếp: “ What is your name?” He asked.

Gián tiếp: He asked (me) what my name was.

C. Imperatives (Câu mệnh lệnh ):

Câu mệnh lệnh là loại câu dùng để yêu cầu/ đề nghị người khác làm gì đó.

Cách nhận biết câu mệnh lệnh:

Câu mệnh lệnh thường được bắt đầu bằng:

- Động từ ( V )

E.g

Open the windows, please. Hoặc please open the windows. ( Từ “please” có thề được thêm vào đầu hoặc cuối câu để tạo ra sự lịch sự.)

- Don’t + V …… ( Mệnh lệnh ở phủ định )

E.g

Don’t smoke in the room.

- Can/ Could/ Will/ Would you + S + V …..? ( Chỉ yêu cầu lịch sự )

E.g: Can you lend me some books? ( Bạn có thể cho tôi mượn một vài quyển sách được không ?)

Để chuyển câu hỏi có từ để hỏi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau:

S + told/ asked/ ordered + O + (not) + to V +…….

 

 

E.g

Trực tiếp: The teacher said to students ‘ Close the door, please”.

Gián tiếp: The teacher asked/ told students to close the door.

Note: Trong câu mệnh lệnh thì bắt buộc phải có tân ngữ ( người nghe ) nên chúng ta cần tìm tân ngữ trong câu.

Các cách để tìm tân ngữ:

- Đối với những câu mà đề bài đã cho sẵn thì ta chỉ việc lấy đó mà sử dụng.

E.g

Trực tiếp: Lan said to Hung: “Open your book.” ( Hung là tân ngữ )

Gián tiếp: Lan told/ asked Hung to open his book.

- Đối với những câu mà người nghe được đặt ở vị trí cuối câu ( có dấu phẩy trước người nghe) thì ta lấy đó sử dụng .

E.g

 Trực tiếp: “ Help me clean the house, Nga”. Said Hung ( Nga là tân ngữ )

Gián tiếp: Hung asked. Told nga to help her clean the house.

- Đối với những câu mà không có người nghe được nhắc đến phía ngoài dấu ngoặc và không tìm thấy ở cuối câu thì ta xem xét phía trước người nói có tính từ sở hữu hay không. Nếu có thì ta lấy đó làm tân ngữ.

E.g

Trực tiếp: Her mother said: “Don’t talk loudly in the room.” ( mẹ của cô ấy => người nghe là cô ấy, tân ngữ là her)

Gián tiếp: Her mother asked/ told her not to talk loudly in the room.

- Đối với những câu mà không thể tìm được tân ngữ theo 3 cách trên thì dùng “me” ( tôi ) làm tân ngữ ( người nghe )

E.g

Trực tiếp: Lan said:”Go home work.”

Gián tiếp: Lan asked/ told me to go home then.

D. Một số trường hợp không thay đổi “thì” của động từ

- Động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại đơn ( say/ says ), hiện tại tiếp diễn ( is/ are saying ); hiện tại hoàn thành “ ( have said/ has said ); tương lai đơn ( will say )

Trực tiếp: Tom says, “ I am fine “.

Gián tiếp: Tom says he is fine. ( Tom nói anh ấy khỏe )

- Lời nói trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý, sự thật hiển nhiên.

Trực tiếp: He said, “ The sun rises in the East.”

Gián tiếp: He said ( that ) the sun sises in the East.

- Lời nói trực tiếp là các câu điều kiện loại II và III

Trực tiếp: “ If I were you, I would meet her” he said.

Gián tiếp: He said that if he were me, he would meet her.

- Lời nói trực tiếp là cấu trúc “ Wish + past simple/ past perfect”

Trực tiếp: “ I wish I lived in Ho Chi Minh City”, she said.

Gián tiếp: She said she wished he lived in Ho Chi Minh City.

- Cấu trúc “ It’s time the children went to school”, she said.

Gián tiếp: She said it was time the children went to school.

- Lời nói trực tiếp có các động từ khiếm khuyết ( could/ would/ should/ might/ ought to/ had better/ used to….)

Trực tiếp: Miss Lan said, “ you should study hard.”

Gián tiếp: Miss Lan said I should study hard.

 

*BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BẢN  - ANSWER KEY

Bài 1: Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.

1. The stranger asked me where I ____________ from.

            A. come                       B. coming                    C. to come                   D. came

2. Ms. Nga wanted to know what time ________.

            A. the movie began                                         B. the movie begins

            C. does the movie begin                                 D. did the movie begin

3. Mary said she ……… there the day before.

            A. is                             B. had been                 C. will be                    D. would be

4. Mai asked Quang ……

            A. when he will come back                            B. when he would come back            

            C. when he comes back                                  D. when he is coming back

5. She told me _____________ her up at six o’clock.

            A. please pick             B. to pick                     C. should pick             D. I can pick

6. He said that He and his friend _____________ married ______________.

            A. were getting/ tomorrow                             B. are getting/ the next day

            C. were getting/ the next day                          D. will get/ the day after

7. He asked me when _____________ there.

            A. did I arrive              B. will I arrive             C. I had arrived                       D. I can arrive

8. The teacher said, “ I didn’t see her.” -> The teacher said ________ her.

            A. he had seen             B. I hadn’t seen           C. he didn’t see                       D. he hadn’t seen

9. I wondered _________ the right thing.

            A. If I am doing                                              B. was I doing

            C. am I doing                                                  D. whether I was doing

10. Tom ___________ that his mother was in hospital.

            A. told me                   B. told to me               C. said me                   D. asked me

Bài 2:  Change the statements into reported speech.

1. “She works in a bank”

He said ____ She worked in a bank ___.

2. “ We went out last night”

She told me _____they had gone out the previous night  ___

3. “I’m coming!”

He said _______he was coming ___

4. “ I’d never been there before”

She said _______she had never been there before _____

5. “ I didn’t go to the party “

He told me ____he hadn’t gone to the party _______

6. “My mother will come later”

She said _____her mother would come later ____

7. “ He hasn’t eaten breakfast”

She told me _____he hadn’t eaten breakfast ______
8. “ You should go to bed early “

She told me ___i should  go to bed early _____.

Bài 3: Change the questions into reported speech.

1. “ What are you going to do at the weekend?’

He asked me ____ what I was  you going to do at the weekend __.

2. “Where will you work after graduation?”

He asked me ____ where I would  work after graduation ______.

3. “How was the journey?”

He asked me _____ How   the journey had been  ____.

4. “Do you live in Hanoi?”

She asked me ______ if I lived in HN _____.

5. “Did he arrive on time?”

She asked me ____if I had arrived on time _______.

Bài 4: Change the requests into reported speech.

1. “Please help me carry this suitcase”

She asked me ___to help her    carry this suitcase ___.

2. “Please come early”

She asked me ___to come early ______.

3. “Could you please open the window?”

She asked me ____if I could open the window ____.

4. “Do your homework!”

She told me ___ to do my homework _____.

5. “Don’t be late!”

She told me _____not to be late _______.

Bài 5: Change the sentences into reported speech

1. Lan said “ Can you sing a song?”   à lan asked me if I could sing a song                                 

2. Miss Hoa asked Hung, “Where did you go last weeks?”

Miss Hoa asked Hung where  he had gone the previous week

3. Mr Nam said, “ I am taking the IELTS test tomorrow.”

Mr Nam said he was taking the IELTS test the following day.

4. My mother said, “ I didn’t have a computer last year.”

My mother said that she hadn’t had a computer the previous year

5. The teacher said, “ You must do your homework yourself.”

The teacher told me I had to do my homework myself

6. Mary said, “ I want to be a writer when I grow up.”

Mary said she wanted to be a writer when she  grew up

7. My mother said, “you should go to bed early.”

8. Lan asked, “ Do many tourists visit Ha Long Bay every year, Mai?.”

9. Mrs Linh said “ She will spend my holiday in Da Lat next month”.

10. Tom told us, “ I do not understand what you are saying.”

BÀI TẬP TỔNG HỢP NÂNG CAO

Bài 6: Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.

1. Jylia said that she ____________there at noon.

A. is going to be                      B. was going to be                  C. will be                    D. can be

2. He _____________that he was leaving way that afternoon.

A. told me                               B. told to me                           C. said me                   D. says to me

3. She said to me that she ______________to me the Sunday before.

A. wrote                                  B. has written                          C. was writing             D. had written

4. I _____________him to sell that old motorbike.

A. said to                                 B. suggested                           C. advised                   D. recommended

5. My parents reminded me ______________ the flowers.

A. to planting                          B. plant                                   C. to plant                   D. planting

6. I asked Martha __________ to enter law school.

A. are you planning                                                     B. is she planning

C. was she planning                                                    D. if she was planning

7. Nam wanted to know what time ________________.

A. does the movie begin                                             B. did the movie begin

C. the movie begins                                                    D. the movie began

8. I wondered __________________the right thing.

A. whether I was doing                                               B. if I am doing

C. was I doing                                                             D. am I doing

9. The scientist said the earth ____________the sun.

A. goes round                                                             B. is going around

C. went around                                                           D. was going around

10. Peter said that if he ______________rich, he _______________ a lot.

A. is - will travel                                                         B. were - would travel

C. had been - would have travelled                            D. was - will travel

Bài 7: Choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction.

1. I (A) asked him how far (B) was it from my school to post office (C) if I went there (D) by taxi.

2. They asked me (A) that I (B) could do (C) some shopping (D) with them.

3. Her mother (A) ordered her (B) do not go out with (C) him the day (D) before.

4. She said (A) that the book (B) in the library (C) would be available (D) tomorrow.

5. He (A) advised her (B) thinking about that example (C) again because it needed (D) correcting.

Bài 8: Complete the sentence into reported speech.

1. “Open the door,”he said to them.

-> He told them ____to open the door _____.

2. “Where are you going?” he asked her.

-> He asked her where ______she was going ____.

3. “Which way did they go?” he asked.

-> He asked me ____which way they had gone _____.

4. “Bring it back if it doesn’t fit”, I said to her.

-> I told ____her to bring it back if it didn’t fit ______.

5. “Don’t try to open it now,” she said to us.

-> She told ____us not to try to open it then _____.

6. “Is it going to be fine day today?” I asked her.

-> I asked her ____if it was going to be fine that day ______.

7. “He’s not at home”, she says.

-> She says that ____he was not at home ____.

8. “Is the bus station far away?” the girl asked.

-> The girl wanted to know ___if the bus station was far away ____.

9. “Don’t stay out late, Ann” Tom said.

-> Tom told Ann ____ not to stay out late ______.

10. “Please let me borrow your car,” he said to her.

-> He asked ___ her to let him borrow her car_______.

Bài 9: Complete each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence given.

1. “Would you like to go to the movies with us tonight?” they said to me.

-> They invited _____me to go to the movies with them that night _______.

2. To do this test was difficult.

-> It was ___ difficult to do this test _______.

3. The last time Bill met Tom was in 2010.

-> Bill hasn’t _______met Tom since 2010___.

4. Ms, Smith is proud of her son’s contribution to the play.

-> Ms. Smith is proud of what ____ her son can contribute/ contributed   to the play____.

5. I had to cancel the birthday party because my grandmother is seriously ill.

-> I had to cancel ___ the birthday party because of grandmother’s serious illness. ___.

Bài 10.  Complete each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence given using the words in the brackets.

1. “I haven’t been home this evening, Mary” said Bill (told)

-> Bill ___ told Mary that he hadn’t been home that evening _______.

2. I haven’t seen my sister for 5 years (since)

-> It’s _____5 years  since I last saw my sister ____.

3. My book was published last year. It became a best seller. (that)

-> My book, which was published last year , became a best seller ___.

4. “ I’ll pick you up at 7:00, Kate” said Mark (promised)

-> Mike __promised to pick kate up at 7.00_.

5. The bad was found later. The robbers put the money in it (in)

-> The bag ____ in which the robbers put the money was found later  _______.